Ide
a to UNRe
ality

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Model

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Questi

to Model:
Ove
rview

Mo
re

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ons than

Today’s Goal

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But First…

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Background

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re

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re

Who Cares?
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Personal Bias
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Model

to Model: How It’s Done

So….
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Re
a

* Noti
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on vs.
Model

*
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Problem

#1

♪♬ 2 notes

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Re
al
Problem #2:
NOT a one-man show.

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Problem

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#2

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Shaw,
M.L.G. &
Gaines,
B. (1989)

achieve
a
shared
Terminology
Same

Different
Correspondence

same way

same concepts

Conflict

Contrast

Experts use same
terminology for
different concepts.

Experts use
different
terminology and
different concepts

Same
Different

Attributes

unde
Experts use
Experts use
terminology and
different
rstanding
of
a
model?
concepts in the
terminology
for the
Consensus

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Comparing
Conceptual
Structures

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Design
and
Problem Solving
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Problem

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Solving & Design

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Design

Problem

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De

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Designing

‘Widgets’

•What do we need?
•What will we do?
•How will we do it?
•DO IT
•How did we do?
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Cauti
on:

Each project will have unique
elements.
Some problems have more than
others.

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a to unre
same

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How ?
There is NO right answer
– at least no single one.
There are many design models.
Many models work well in specific
instances.
None work reliably in all situations =
even within a restricted domain
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Why ?
There are simply too many
variables in the mental model.
These variables change even
while we are solving the
problem

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the
Step

2:

That’s it?

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ti

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on i

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we
up
Creating a Virtual Representation
of a Mental Model is a:

Wicked
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Problem

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Wicked
Rittel & Webber,
(1973)

Problems

1.
2.
3.
4.

There is no definitive formulation of a Wicked Problem.
Wicked Problems have no stopping rule.
Solutions are not True/False but Good/Bad.
There is no ultimate test of a solution to a Wicked
Problem.
5. Each solution is a one shot operation.
6. Wicked Problems do not have enumerable (exhaustively
describable) solutions.
7. Each problem is unique.
8. Each problem is a symptom of another problem.
9. There are a number of different stakeholders interested
in how it is solved.
10. The planner has no right to be wrong
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If we’ve been doing modeling & simulation
since the 40’s….

Why such
inte
rest
Now?
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Accessi
bility

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The
Cards:

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having

an impact

Model:

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Impact….

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