Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running

In recent years, increasing the midsole bending stifness (MBS) of running shoes by embedding carbon fbre plates in the midsole resulted in many world records set during long-distance running competitions. Although several theories were introduced to unravel the mechanisms behind these performance benefts, no defnitive explanation was provided so far. This study aimed to investigate how the function of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle and Achilles tendon is altered when running in shoes with increased MBS. Here, we provide the frst direct evidence that the amount and velocity of GM muscle fascicle shortening is reduced when running with increased MBS. Compared to control, running in the stifest condition at 90% of speed at lactate threshold resulted in less muscle fascicle shortening (p= 0.006, d= 0.87), slower average shortening velocity (p = 0.002, d= 0.93) and greater estimated Achilles tendon energy return (p≤ 0.001, d= 0.96), without a signifcant change in GM fascicle work (p = 0.335, d= 0.40) or GM energy cost (p = 0.569, d= 0.30). The fndings of this study suggest that running in stif shoes allows the ankle plantarfexor muscle–tendon unit to continue to operate on a more favourable position of the muscle’s force–length–velocity relationship by lowering muscle shortening velocity and increasing tendon energy return.