Virtual reality nature exposure: exploring the effects of mindfulness meditation and trail enrichment on stress and presence

Stress among university students has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic, due to academic pressures, financial constraints, and limited social support. Nature therapy is an effective method for reducing stress, but many individuals cannot access natural environments. This study investigated the effectiveness of virtual (VR) nature therapy in reducing stress. Specifically, it examined the role of mindfulness meditation and visual enrichment in creating an immersive, stress-reducing VR experience. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) no mindfulness meditation and no enriched environment, (2) enrichment only, (3) mindfulness meditation only, and (4) both mindfulness and enrichment. Stress levels were measured before and after the session using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (S.T.A.I), and presence was assessed with the Spatial Presence Experience Scale (S.P.E.S). We hypothesized that the combination of mindfulness meditation and an enriched environment would lead to the greatest stress reduction. Data from 12 participants revealed a significant within-subjects decrease in stress and a significant interaction effect for participants in the combined condition. A significant interaction between mindfulness and enrichment was also found for presence, though neither factor had a main effect alone. This research supports VR nature therapy as a potentially accessible and cost-effect intervention for managing stress in populations with limited access to natural spaces.